The state of Sonora spans a geographic area of 179,355 km², making it the second-largest state in Mexico in terms of land area, after Chihuahua. It is located in the northwestern region of the country. To the east, the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range marks the border between Sonora and Chihuahua; to the north, it shares an international boundary with the United States of America; to the northwest, it borders Baja California; to the west and south, it is bounded by the Sea of Cortez (also known as the Gulf of California); and to the southeast, it neighbors the state of Sinaloa.

Sonora is divided into 72 municipalities, and several cities play a key role in the region’s economic landscape. Among them is Hermosillo, the state capital and a major industrial hub; Ciudad Obregón, an important center for agriculture and manufacturing; and Nogales, a critical border city that facilitates trade between Mexico and the United States.

Sonora is comprised of a total population of 2,944,840 inhabitants, evenly distributed between men and women, each representing 50% of the population. Among its most populous cities are Hermosillo, with 855,563 residents, Ciudad Obregón, with 329,404 inhabitants, and Heroica Nogales, with a population of 261,137.

Additionally, as of the third quarter of 2024, Sonora has an Economically Active Population (EAP) of 1,441,995 people, contributing to the state's labor dynamism and economic vitality.

Sonora stands out for its diverse population, particularly in these most populous municipalities. The concentration of the population in these areas facilitates the provision of services and the creation of job opportunities, which in turn drives the state's economic growth and development.

In Sonora, 48% of the state features dry and semi-dry climates located in the Sierra Madre Occidental, 46.5% has a very dry climate, located in the Coastal Plains of the Gulf and Sonoran, 4% has a sub-humid temperate climate located towards the east of the state, and the remaining 1.5% has a warm sub-humid climate located towards the southeast.

The average annual temperature is around 22°C, with the average maximum temperature reaching 38°C during the months of June and July, while the average minimum temperature is 5°C, occurring in the month of January.

The state's average annual precipitation is 450 mm, with rainfall occurring in summer during the months of July and August.